题目:若 $a\in\left(\dfrac{n+2}{n+1},\dfrac{n+1}{n}\right)\left(n\in N^{*}\right)$ 时,关于 $x$ 的不等式 $x^{a}-\log_{a}^{x}>0$ 恒成立,则正整数 $n$ 的取值集合为_____.(参考数据:$e\approx 2.718$,$\ln 2\approx 0.693$,$\ln 3\approx 1.099$)
解答:
设 $f(x)=x^{a}$ 与 $g(x)=\log_{a}^{x}$ 图像相切于 $\left(x_{0},y_{0}\right)$,则 $f'(x_{0})=ax_{0}^{a-1}$,$g'(x_{0})=\dfrac{1}{x_{0}\ln a}$
$\therefore ax_{0}^{a-1}=\dfrac{1}{x_{0}\ln a}$
$\therefore x_{0}^{a}=\dfrac{1}{a\ln a}$
$\because \log_{a}^{x_{0}}=x_{0}^{a}$
$\therefore \dfrac{\ln x_{0}}{\ln a}\cdot\ln a=\dfrac{1}{a}$
$\therefore \ln x_{0}=\dfrac{1}{a}$
$\therefore a\ln x_{0}=1$
$\therefore x_{0}^{a}=e=\dfrac{1}{a\ln a}$
$\therefore a^{a}=e^{\frac{1}{e}}$
由幂函数与对数函数图像可知 $a^{a}>e^{\frac{1}{e}}$ 时 $x^{a}>\log_{a}^{x}$
$a^{a}>e^{\frac{1}{e}}$ 即 $\ln a^{a}>\ln e^{\frac{1}{e}}$ 即 $a\ln a>\dfrac{1}{e}$
设 $h(x)=x\ln x$,则 $h'(x)=\ln x+1$
$\therefore x>\dfrac{1}{e}$ 时 $h(x)$ 单增,$0<x<\dfrac{1}{e}$ 时 $h(x)$ 单减。
$\therefore h(x)$ 极小值 $=h(\dfrac{1}{e})=-\dfrac{1}{e}$
$\because f(\dfrac{3}{2})=\dfrac{3}{2}\ln\dfrac{3}{2}=\dfrac{3}{2}\left(\ln 3-\ln 2\right)\approx 0.609$,$\dfrac{1}{e}\approx 0.37$
$\therefore f(\dfrac{3}{2})=f(\dfrac{1+2}{1+1})>\dfrac{1}{e}$
$\therefore f(\dfrac{4}{3})=\dfrac{4}{3}\ln\dfrac{4}{3}=\dfrac{4}{3}\left(\ln 4-\ln 3\right)\approx 0.38>\dfrac{1}{e}$
$n=1$ 时,$a\in\left(\dfrac{3}{2},2\right)$,$n=2$ 时,$a\in\left(\dfrac{4}{3},\dfrac{3}{2}\right)$,$n=3$ 时,$a\in\left(\dfrac{5}{4},\dfrac{4}{3}\right)$
$\therefore$ 满足条件的 $n$ 的集合为 $\left\{1,2\right\}$